115、 doing sth., to do sth.
doing sth.和to do sth.即代表动名词和动词不定式。这两种非谓语动词在很多情况下使用是有区别的。
一、作主语、表语时的区别:一般情况下,要表示比较抽象的一般性的行为时,多用动名词;在表示具体的某次行为时多用不定式。例如:
Smoking is prohibited here. 此地禁止吸烟。
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽那么多烟不好。
Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。
Their task now is to increase food production.他们目前的任务就是增产粮食。
有时用动名词作主语是表示说话人的经验之谈,而用不定式作主语则是表示说话人的意见、观点、看法。例如:
Learning a foreign language is difficult.学习一门外语很困难。(这里说明说话者已经学习了一门外语,而且亲身感受到了难度)
To learn a foreign language is difficult.学习一门外语很困难。(这里说明说话者对学习外语说难只是一种理性认识,或许听他人说学习外语困难,或许只是一种猜测而已)
二、作动词宾语时的区别:
(一)常见跟不定式作宾语的动词有want, like, wish, hate, prefer, hope,continue, manage,try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend, intend, begin, attempt, decide, learn, desire, agree, expect, care, choose, determine, undertake。而tell, advise, show,teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget等动词还常跟一个带连接代词或连接副词的不定式。例如:
Mr. Li offered to help us. 李先生提出要帮助我们。
I didn't expect to find you here. 没想到在这儿碰到你。
He will teach me how to repair the computer.他会教我如何修电脑。
No one could tell me where to buy the book.没有人能告诉我哪儿能买到这本书。
(二)常见跟动名词作宾语的动词有suggest,finish, avoid, stop,need,can't help mind, enjoy, leave off, delay, put off, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, consider, escape, miss。例如:
He avoided giving us a definite answer. 他避免给我们作肯定回答。
Have you finished correcting the student's papers ?学生的卷子改完没有?
(三)不定式表示前面主语的动作,而动名词则可以表示任何人的行为。例如:
I hate to talk about other people's shortcomings.我不喜欢谈论别人的短处。(指我不谈别人的短处)
She hates talking about other people's shortcomings.她讨厌谈论的短处。(谁谈都讨厌)
(四)在有的动词后,不定式作宾语表示主动意义,而动名词作宾语却带被动含义。例如:
The plants want to be watered daily. 这些花需要天天浇水。
The plants need watering daily. 这些花需要天天浇水。
(五)在forget、remember后面,动词不定式一般式表示动作尚未发生,而动名词的一般式则表示动作已经发生(相当于完成式)。例如:
Don't forget to take medicine.别忘记吃药。(言外之意是:你没有吃药,别忘记吃)
Don't forget taking medicine.别忘了吃过药了。(言外之意是:你已经吃过药了,不要再吃)
I shall remember to show him around the school next month. 我会记着下个月领着他参观学校。(带他参观的动作尚未发生,需要记着下个月要带他参观学校)
I remember showing him around the school last year. 我记得去年带着他参观过学校。(带他参观的动作已经发生)
三、在stop、leave off后面不定式和动名词意义不同。不定式是状语,表示停下别的动作而开始不定式的动作;动名词是宾语,表示停下动名词的动作。例如:
He stopped to smoke. 他停下来,开始吸烟。
He stopped smoking. 他戒烟了。
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